Development and Background
Origins and Production: The idea for "Milk" began circulating in Hollywood shortly after Harvey Milk's assassination in 1978. However, it took decades for the project to come to fruition. Gus Van Sant, a director known for his work on films such as "Good Will Hunting" and "My Own Private Idaho," took an interest in the project early on. The screenplay by Dustin Lance Black was pivotal in getting the film off the ground, offering a compelling narrative that balanced political activism with personal drama.
Detailed Plot Summary
Early Life and Move to San Francisco: The film opens with Harvey Milk (Sean Penn) reflecting on his life as he records a message in case he is assassinated. It then flashes back to his 40th birthday in 1970, where he meets Scott Smith (James Franco) in New York City. Seeking a fresh start, the couple moves to San Francisco, settling in the Castro District, which becomes a vibrant center for the LGBTQ+ community.
Building a Community: Harvey opens Castro Camera, which quickly becomes a community hub. He befriends local activists and begins to see the power of community organization. This period is marked by increasing visibility and solidarity among gay people in San Francisco, as well as growing political awareness.
First Campaigns: Harvey runs unsuccessfully for the Board of Supervisors in 1973, 1975, and 1976, facing significant challenges, including police harassment and opposition from conservative groups. Despite these defeats, Harvey gains significant experience and builds a broad base of support. During these campaigns, his political platform expands to include a range of issues, from tenant rights to the environment, which helps him gain wider support.
Victory and Challenges: In 1977, Harvey finally wins a seat on the Board of Supervisors, making history as the first openly gay elected official in California. His election is a landmark victory for the gay rights movement. Harvey immediately begins to push for progressive legislation, including a successful campaign to defeat Proposition 6, also known as the Briggs Initiative, which sought to ban gay and lesbian teachers from working in public schools.
Tension with Dan White: A significant subplot of the film is Harvey's fraught relationship with fellow Supervisor Dan White (Josh Brolin). White, a conservative former firefighter, finds himself increasingly at odds with Harvey and other progressives on the Board. The film explores White's personal struggles and growing instability, culminating in his resignation and subsequent decision to withdraw his resignation, leading to a tense political standoff.
Assassination: On November 27, 1978, White, in a fit of rage and desperation, enters City Hall through a basement window to avoid metal detectors. He assassinates Mayor George Moscone (Victor Garber) and then Harvey Milk. The film portrays this tragic event with a powerful sense of inevitability, underscoring the dangers faced by pioneers like Milk.
Themes and Analysis
Civil Rights and Activism: "Milk" is a profound exploration of the gay rights movement in the 1970s. It highlights the intersectionality of Milk's activism, which included fighting for the rights of ethnic minorities, the elderly, and union workers, showcasing his belief in broad-based social justice.
Personal Sacrifice: The film delves into the personal cost of Milk's activism. It portrays the strain on his relationships, particularly with Scott Smith, who struggles with the dangers and demands of Milk's public life. This tension underscores the personal sacrifices made by activists.
Hope and Resilience: Harvey Milk’s mantra of "You gotta give them hope" becomes a central theme. The film captures his unwavering belief in the possibility of change and the power of visibility and representation. His speeches are portrayed as deeply inspirational moments that galvanized the LGBTQ+ community.
Performances and Character Portrayals
Sean Penn as Harvey Milk: Sean Penn delivers a transformative performance, capturing Milk's charisma, humor, and passion. Penn's portrayal is noted for its authenticity and emotional depth, bringing to life the complexities of a man who was both a public figure and a private individual with his own fears and desires.
Supporting Cast:
- James Franco as Scott Smith: Franco portrays Smith with warmth and sensitivity, highlighting his supportive yet conflicted relationship with Milk.
- Josh Brolin as Dan White: Brolin’s portrayal is nuanced, providing a humanizing but critical view of White’s internal struggles and eventual breakdown.
- Emile Hirsch as Cleve Jones: Hirsch captures the youthful energy and idealism of Cleve Jones, an activist who played a significant role in the gay rights movement.
- Diego Luna as Jack Lira: Luna's performance as Milk's later lover adds another layer of personal drama, illustrating the challenges of maintaining relationships amidst political turmoil.
Cinematography and Style
Visual Style: Harris Savides’s cinematography captures the gritty realism of 1970s San Francisco. The film blends archival footage with reenactments, creating a seamless narrative that feels both documentary-like and cinematically polished.
Costume and Production Design: The meticulous attention to detail in costume and production design recreates the era with authenticity. The vibrant colors of the Castro District, the period-appropriate clothing, and the detailed sets all contribute to the film’s immersive quality.
Music and Score
Danny Elfman's Score: The musical score by Danny Elfman enhances the film’s emotional resonance. Elfman’s compositions range from subtle, melancholic pieces to more triumphant themes, reflecting the film’s shifting moods.
Reception and Legacy
Critical Acclaim: "Milk" received widespread critical acclaim for its direction, screenplay, and performances. It was praised for its historical accuracy and its sensitive yet powerful portrayal of Harvey Milk’s life and legacy.
Awards and Nominations:
- Academy Awards: The film was nominated for eight Oscars and won two: Best Actor for Sean Penn and Best Original Screenplay for Dustin Lance Black.
- Other Awards: "Milk" won numerous other accolades, including Critics' Choice Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards, and BAFTA nominations.
Cultural Impact: "Milk" has had a lasting impact on both cinema and the broader cultural conversation about LGBTQ+ rights. It brought renewed attention to Harvey Milk’s legacy and the history of the gay rights movement. The film is frequently cited in discussions about representation in media and the importance of telling LGBTQ+ stories.
Conclusion
"Milk" stands as a powerful testament to the life and legacy of Harvey Milk. It is a film that not only documents an important historical figure but also inspires and educates future generations about the ongoing struggle for equality and justice. The film’s combination of strong storytelling, compelling performances, and historical significance ensures its place as a landmark in both LGBTQ+ cinema and biographical filmmaking.